1. The indicators of Knowledge diffusion
1) Patent(USPTO)
huge companies↓ small firms, individuals↑
US companies → other countries
2) Change of Industrial R&D by size of Enterprise
25,000+: 70.7%(1981) → 25,000-:58.7%(1999)
3) increasing of college and post-college graduates.
these movement make finding a value on the outside easily
2. Characteristics of abundance knowledge age
(1) labor mobility ↑ (lifetime employment↓)
(2) Pension with the worker (not with the job)
(3) Venture Capital
(4) abundant external Knowledge
: you can choose new idea on diverse menu(university,…)
* The change of meaning of NIH(not invented here)
NIH: exclusion of outside technology → relying on external sources
3. how to access external knowledges
(1) employing professor or graduate students of a professor
(2) funding external research at nearby university
: Scanning of new ideas( by proposals from researchers) before spending money
(3) scouting the activities of young start-up companies
– business development discussion
- strategic alliances- giving money to interested venture capitalists
- investing directly in promising start-up companies
* Example
1) Intel
(1) the relyied almost entirely on external research
(2) assessing what is available form the outside → charting its own course inside
(3) very well thought-out program of funding university research projects
( $100M/year)
2) IBM, Merck ( successful firms in former paradigm)
→ into the wealth of external knowledge